Networking Week 3

What are Protocols?

Protocols are rules and regulations used to govern the shareing of information between nodes on a network,

The Layer of the OSI model with no associated protocols is the Physical layer this is normally just concerned with transmission.

IP address Class's

Every node on a TCP/IP network must have a unique IP address wich is grouped in octets and represented as a dotted decimal number. IP address are made up of two parts a network address and a host address the Network address of all nodes on a single network must be the same and the host adress must be unique.  The different classes of IP addresses designate how many hosts and subnet's you may have. The different classes of IP address are as follows:

• Not in Public use normally kept for military/Government and testing purposes.


• 127.0.0.1 is reserved as a loopback address for internal testing but is included in the class A address

The octets of each IP address are in the range of 1-255 (These are decimal representations of binary numbers 8 bits in size) and by checking the first octec you can see the class of the IP address and there for know the network address and the host address makeing up the whole IP address. I found this to be so very simple when taught by a proper teacher like Steve Cahill.

We looked at Binary to Decimal conversions and vice versa this week, again useing a table to convert the numbers both ways as showen below the formula is either simple addition for binary to decimal and devision for decimal to binary. Heres a table with some examples:

 IP Classes Continued



We also looked at different IP addresses and determined there types by following the simple rule

Class A network address is the first Octet (127 of 127.0.0.1 is the network address if it wasnt a loopback)

Class B network address is the first 2 Octets (127.0 of 127.0.0.1 is the network address)

Class C network address are the first 3 Octects ( 127.0.0 of 127.0.0.1 is the network address)

Class D is same as C (not in use by public domain)

Class E is same as C (not in use by public domain)

 Different File systems

We looked at Different File systems a general description of a file system is the method in which an Operating system organizes manages, and accesses its files through logical structures and software routines. ( the way the OS interacts with Stores and Uses Data)  Different file systems have different methods of storing files, file access, file compression, defragmentation and security policies. 

Some File systems:

FAT- File Allocation Table, Disks are divided into allocation Units or Clusters.

FAT16-  File allocation Table 16 bit, Used 16 bit allocation units or clusters.

FAT32- File Allocation Table 32 Bit, Same File attributes as earlier FAT but faster data transfer with 32 bit addressing. ( used 32 bit clusters or allocation units)

HPFS- High Preformance File System, Designed for IBM's OS/2 for better efficency/reliability then FAT

CDFS & UDF- CD-ROM File System & Universal Disk Format, CDFS is for CD-ROM disks & UDF is used by windows 2K and beyond for CD-ROM's and DVD media (Digital Video Disk)

NTFS - New Technology File System, Designed for the NT platform of windows, Highly reliable. Has increased security with greater file attributes and allows for compression of files.

Windows Server 2000 Active Directory.

Windows server 2000 has a service named Active Directory this includes information from the network this server is attached to these can include: Users, Groups of Users, File access permissions and much more from this information the AD service can represent a digital image of the network ( could include shares or objects like printers etc from multiple machines accross the network allowing for central access) When configured correctly it can allow access to network location otherwise un available to clients or nodes.

Active Directory Install.

To Install Active Directory on Windows Server 2000 you must:

1. Firstly install windows server 2000 following earlier instructions,


2. From the configure your server Page select Active Directory from the left hand of the page,


3. We installed the server as the First Domain Controller ( i assume this is the first server on the network)


4. We created a new domain tree with eddiepower.com as the lowest level ( like a map of domains)


5. We then created a new forrest for our tree ( a bigger map of Networks and sub nets)


6. We selected our network domain name it was eddiepower.com


7. We then selected a NetBios name being EDDIEPOWER ( for older windows systems pre Win 2k)


8. We set the location of the database file of information Being sure to select a NTFS location ( allowing Access rights to be configured)


9. We then let Win 2000 server install a DNS ( domain Name Server)


10. Allowing NetBios devices here aswell


11. Set a Master Reset Password for Directory Services Restore mode ( a Reset incase of emergency)

We ran into a small error while running the prac at school but at home on Windows Server 2003 i was able to set up and configure both of these services all i would need now is to configure a DNS client to run such as Dyn DNS as a service to allow for routing from Internet traffic as all websites are accessible over local Intranet. I found this prac very usefull in understanding the workings of two Vital server services.